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S
TEPAN
B
ANDER A
241
of Bandera in these parts of Ukraine seems significantly greater than
the reality of the leader of the OUN, who ceased to play an active role
in the political life of Ukraine after 1941.
Notes
1. Halyna Hordasevych, author of a book about the life and activity of Stepan
Bandera, spoke in person to Oksana who survived 49 years in Krasnoyarsk
region and returned to Ukraine in 1989. See Halyna Hordasevych,
Stepan
Bandera: ludyna i mif,
L’viv, 2001, pp. 34–35. Oksana Bandera stated that
neither she nor Marta-Maria had families and that they had been living in
deplorable conditions. The two sisters lived together prior to the death of
Marta-Maria in 1960.
2. Volodymyra and Teodor had six children who were sent to an orphanage but
were soon removed by relatives. The main reasons for dispatching Teodor
and Volodymyra to camps were their affiliation with the Greek Catholic
Church and Volodymyra’s family background. According to Hordasevych,
during Volodymyra’s time in the camps, camp officials used her maiden
name ‘Bandera’ in reports about her to Moscow: Hordasevych,
Stepan Bandera,
p. 35.
3. Oleksandr was studying politics and economics in Italy. He married and sub-
sequently resided in Italy, but returned to Ukraine with the outbreak of war.
4. It was so difficult for Ukrainians to become students of this university that
some of them adopted Polish surnames in order to be accepted: Hordasevych,
Stepan Bandera,
p. 49.
5. The full name of the party, which was founded on 11 July 1925, was
Ukrains’ke natsional’ne demokratychne obyednannya.
6. Lenkavs’kyi may be referring here to medieval Rus’, to the period of Cossack
rebellions under Hetman Bohdan Khmelnyts’kyi in the seventeenth cen-
tury, and to Ivan Mazepa’s rebellion against Russian rule in the eighteenth
century.
7. The trident was the coat of arms of the Riurik dynasty that founded Kyivan
Rus in the ninth century and was consolidated under Volodymyr the Great
(980–1015), although its origins may be much older. Volodymyr accepted
Christianity as the religion of his principality in 988. The trident was also
used as the state symbol of the short-lived Ukrainian National Republic
formed in January 1918. See Alexander J. Motyl,
The Turn to the Right: the
Ideological Origins and Development of Ukrainian Nationalism, 1919–1929,
Boulder, CO, 1980, p. 188.
8. The reference is also to the Kyivan Rus era.

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