The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History - Between China and the Islamic World by Michal Biran (2005).pdf
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Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization
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David ''vforgan (general editor)
Virginia Aksan, :\1ichael Brett, Michael Cook, Peter Jackson,
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Published titles in the series are lisled af the back
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Between China and the Islamic World
MI~HAL
IlIRAN
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Michal Hiran 20())
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1,;,1'1
of maps, tables and plates
pagcix
,\(
know/edgmen/,\'
Noll'
un dales and
ImnsLilerulions
1,/.1'1
x
Xli
of abbreviations
xiii
Introduction
Methodological problems, sources and previous scholarship
Historical background
2
13
Part I Politkal history
From Liao
to
Western Liao: YelLi Dashi and the establishment
or
the Qara Khitai empire
YeW Dashi's early career
The
Kedurl period
Khitans in the west before the Qara Khitai
The journey
to
the west
The battle of Qatwan (Qatwan) and its aftermath
, The quiet period - the reign of YelLi Yilie and the empresses
The fall: between the Khwarazm Shah and the Mongo]s
Zhilugu's 11rst years: the western front
The eastern front
The GhOrid affair: the battle of AndkhOd
The Khwarazmian attack
Troubles in the east
The battle with Tayangu
Between Muhammad and GUchLilUg
The reign of (JuchulUg
Epilogue: what became of the Qara Khitai?
19
19
26
33
35
41
48
60
60
63
65
70
74
77
78
80
86
VlI
-
VIll
Contents
Part II Aspects of cultural and institutional history
4 China
Introduction
Why were Chinese features retained?
The administration as an example
Conclusion
5 Nomads
Introduction
Nomads, sedentaries and the state
Qara Khitai, Turks and Munguls
The army
The position of women
Hunting
Conclusion
6
Islam
Introduction
The religions of the Qara Khitai
The religious composition of the Qara Khitai empire
Qara Khitai policy: religious tolerance and its implications
The laxity of the
jihad
spirit: the political situation in the
eastern Islamic world
GLichi.illig's policy: an undercurrent of religious tension'?
The non-Islami7ation of the Qara Khitai
Conclusion
93
Y3
94
102
128
132
132
132
143
146
160
168
169
171
171
172
176
1\laps
Ihe Northern Song and Liao empires, ca.
1000
The fall of the Liao and Jin Invasions
(1117-24)
;\sia ca.
1142:
the Qara Khitai (Western Liao) empire
The Qara Khitai empire
(1142):
internal division
page
218
219
220
221
Tahles
()ara
Khitai rulers
1
a.
180
191
Geneaology of the Qara Khitai rulers
lb. Qara Khitai (Western Liao) rulers and their reign titles
222
222
223
194
196
202
according to
LiClo shi 30
, ('entral administration titles from
Liuo shi 30
" ()ther central administration titles of the Qara Khitai
I
)ynastic tables
The Qara Khitai of Kinnan
The Khwarazm Shahs
The Qarakhanid rulers of the twelfth to thirteenth centuries
224
226
227
Append.ices
1
The names: Qara Khitai and \Vestern Liao
2 Maps
3 Tables
4 Glossary of Chinese characters
Bibliography
227
227
227
22g
229
215
218
222
231
The Ghurids
Liao emperors and their reign titles
lin emperors and their reign titles
229
Plates
!\ Qara Khitai man according to Wang Qi's
San cui tu hui
(CO
East
!\sian Library and the Gest Collection, Princeton University)
The minaret of Vabkent, built under the Qara Khitai
(11;
Joseph
Patrieh)
The Kalan minaret in Bukhara
(Cc)
Joseph Patrich)
The Burana minaret near Balasaghun
((!:)
Yuri Pines)
The Burana minaret against the background of the Tian Shan
mountains (<0 Yuri Pines)
Index
239
270
134
186
187
188
189
ix
Acknowledgmcnts
xi
Anybody wandering in the Eurasian steppes, between China and the Islamic
world, could not have completed the journey without the help of many qualified
people. I would like first to express my deep gratitude to Professors Michael Zand
(Hebrew University of Jerusalem) and Elizabeth Endicott (Middlebury, Vermont)
ror the time and knowledge with which they enriched this book. Certainly the
crystal-clear logic of Professor Zand and Professor EndicoLt's strong common
sense contributed significantly to the final shape of this work. A huge thank you
is also due to my teacher, colleague and friend, Professor Rellven Amitai, who
closely accompanied this project from its initial stages to its completion, and who
read and reread my never-ending drafts. I'm indebted to Professor Irene Eber, both
for the basics of my sinological education, and for her valuable comments on an
earlier draft. Another special debt is to my colleague and friend, Dr. Yuri Pines,
not only for his shrewd advice throughout the years, but also for functioning as
my second eyes and ears in China and along the Silk Road. I would also like to
thank the late Professor David Ayalon, who always encouraged me to dive deeper
into Steppe history.
Thanks goes also to Professors Peter
K.
BoL Nicola Di Cosmo, Beatrice
F.
Manz and Wheeler M. Thackston, for making my year at Harvard in
1995~6,
where the research for the study began, such a worthwhile experience. I am also
indebted to Professor Herbert Franke (Munich) for his sound advice throughout
the years, to Professor Wei Liangtao (Nanjing, China), who kindly gave me his
own books on the Western Liao, to Professor Liu Yingsheng (Nanjing, China)
for his useful comments, and to Professor Yuri I3regel who introciuced me to
the magnificent manuscript collection of the Research Institute for Inner Asian
Studies at Indiana University (Bloomington).
r
am also grateful to the members of
the research group on the Interaction of Nomadic Rulers with Sedentary Peoples:
Turco-Mongolian Nomads in China and in the Middle East (I
OOO~1500AD),
that
Reuven Amitai and I organized at the Institute for Advanced Studies in Jerusalem
in spring 2000, notably to Peter Jackson, Anatoly Khazanov and David Morgan
for their useful comments and warm encouragements. My debt to David Morgan
goes much further, both for the professional editorial advice he kindly provided
me with, and, even more, for introducing the manuscript to the publisher.
Most of the revision of this study was done in
2001~2
while I was a member at
School or tlistorical Studies at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton.
r
would like to thank the Institutc's Director and staff and the members of the School
1)1
Historical Studies, especially Patricia Crone and Joshua Fogel, who enabled me
to spend a wonderful year in the lAS nurturing atmosphere, and to Tom Allsen and
!'cler Golden for their good companionship during this year. In addition, I thank
l'alricia Crone and Peter Golden for reading and commenting on certain chapters
or this study. One of my greatest debts is to Tom Allsen, who read through the
whole manuscript (some parts more than once), giving me many comments and
.,uggestions wilh
hi~
unmatched erudition, eloquence and good humor.
r
am grateful to Tamar Sorer. who produced three maps, and to Cambridge Uni-
versity Press for its permission to use one of the maps, which originally appeared
ill
volume VI of
The Cwnhridge History
(~lChinCl
(Cambridge, 1994). Thanks are
;t1so due to Professor Joseph Patrich and Dr. Yuri Pines for their permission to use
tlleir photos from Central Asia and to Oded Bin-Nun for technical help. I would
;t1so like to thank my
/OflgXUC
in Jerusalem, especially Ayal Donenfeld, Nimrod
I,uz, Gideon Shelach, Nurit Stadler, Eliyahu Stern and Vardit Tokatli, for years
of inspiring coffee breaks and other kinds of support. Needless to say, despite the
help of so many qualified people, and many others I could not have enumerated, I
alone am responsible for any mistakes or shortcomings contained in this study.
I am grateful to the staff of the following institutions for assisting my research:
the Jewish National and University Library (Jerusalem); the Harvard Yenching
I,ibrary, the Widenner Library and the Tozzer Library (Cambridge USA); the
Library of the Research Institute ror Central and Inner Asian Studies at Indiana
llniversity (Bloomington); the Gest Library and the Firestone Library (Princeton);
the Institute for Advanced Study'S Library (Princeton); the Department of Oriental
Manuscripts and Printed Books, the British Library; Nanjing University'S Library:,
Nankai University's Library (Tianjin, PRC) and Beijing University'S Library.
I would also like to thank the following bodies who assisted in the financing
or
the research and writing of this study: the Council for Higher Education in Israel:
the Rothschild Foundation; the Fulbright Foundation; the Institute for Advanced
Study, Princeton; the Central Research Fund, Hebrew University; the Israel Science
Foundation (grant 818/03).
It
is also a pleasure to thank the staff at Cambridge
University Press, especially the series editor, Marigold Acland, and my copy-editor,
Mary Starkey, for their highly professional work as well as for their patience and
good grace.
Lastly, in many ways the completion of this study required a multi-generational
effort. I would therefore like to warmly thank my parents, Niztkhia and Uzi
Pumpian, who covered for me more than a thousand and one times, and my sons,
Yotam and Itamar, who willy-nilly accepted the Qara Khitai as another family
member, sometimes a rather demanding one.
t
he
x
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