22.PDF

Contents

22.3 Capacitors

22.3.1 Capacitor Types

22.3.2 Electrolytic Capacitors

22.3.3 Surface Mount Capacitors

22.3.4 Capacitor Voltage Ratings

22.3.5 Capacitor Identification

22.4 Inductors

22.5 Transformers

22.6 Semiconductors

22.6.3 Voltage Regulators

22.6.4 Analog and Digital Integrated

Circuits

22.6.5 MMIC Amplifiers

22.7 Tubes, Wire, Materials, Attenuators,

Miscellaneous

22.8 Computer Connectors

22.9 RF Connectors and Transmission Lines

22.9.1 UHF Connectors

22.9.2 BNC, N, and F Connectors

22.10 Reference Tables

22.1 Component Data

22.1.1 EIA and Industry Standards

22.1.2 Other Sources of Component

Data

22.1.3 The ARRL Technical

Information Service (TIS)

22.1.4 Definitions

22.1.5 Surface-Mount Technology

(SMT)

22.2 Resistors

22.6.1 Diodes

22.6.2 Transistors

22.2.1 Resistor Types

22.2.2 Resistor Identification

List of Figures

Fig 22.1 — Resistor wattages and sizes

Fig 22.2 — Surface mount resistors

Fig 22.3 — Power resistors

Fig 22.4 — Resistor value identification

Fig 22.5 — Common capacitor types and

package styles

Fig 22.6 — Aluminum and tantalum electrolytic

capacitors

Fig 22.7 — Aluminum electrolytic capacitor

dimensions

Fig 22.8 — Surface-mount capacitor packages

Fig 22.9 — Surface-mount electrolytic packages

Fig 22.10 — Abbreviated EIA capacitor

identification

Fig 22.11 — Obsolete capacitor color codes

Fig 22.12 — Complete EIA capacitor labeling

scheme

Fig 22.13 — Obsolete JAN “postage stamp”

capacitor labeling

Fig 22.14 — Color coding for cylindrical

encapsulated RF chokes

Fig 22.15 — Color-coding for semiconductor

diodes

Fig 22.16 — Axial-leaded diode packages and

pad dimensions

Fig 22.17 — MMIC application

Fig 22.18 — MMIC package styles

Fig 22.19 — Installing PL-259 on RG-8 cable

Fig 22.20 — Installing PL-259 on RG-58 or

RG-59 cable

Fig 22.21 — Installing crimp-on UHF connectors

Fig 22.22 — Installing BNC connectors

Fig 22.23 — Installing Type N connectors

Fig 22.24 — Installing Type F connectors

Table 22.12 — Surface Mount Capacitors EIA

Standard Sizes

Table 22.13 — Capacitor Standard Working

Voltages

Table 22.14 — European Marking Standards for

Capacitors

Tubes, Wire, Materials, Attenuators,

Miscellaneous

Table 22.39 — Triode Transmitting Tubes

Table 22.40 — Tetrode Transmitting Tubes

Table 22.41 — EIA Vacuum Tube Base

Diagrams

Table 22.42 — Metal-oxide Varistor (MOV)

Transient Suppressors

Table 22.43 — Crystal Holders

Table 22.44 — Copper Wire Specifications

Table 22.45 — Standard vs American Wire

Gauge

Table 22.46 — Antenna Wire Strength

Table 22.47 — Guy Wire Lengths to Avoid

Table 22.48 — Aluminum Alloy Specifications

Table 22.49 — Impedance of Two-Conductor

Twisted Pair Lines

Table 22.50 — Attenuation per foot of Two-

Conductor Twisted Pair Lines

Table 22.51 — Large Machine-Wound Coil

Specifications

Table 22.52 — Inductance Factor for Large

Machine-Wound Coils

Table 22.53 — Small Machine-Wound Coil

Specifications

Table 22.54 — Inductance Factor for Small

Machine-Wound Coils

Table 22.55 — Measured Inductance for #12

Wire Windings

Table 22.56 — Relationship Between Noise

Figure and Noise Temperature

Table 22.57 — Pi-Network Resistive Attenuators

(50-Ω Impedance)

Table 22.58 — T-Network Resistive Attenuators

(50-Ω Impedance)

Inductors

Table 22.15 — EIA Standard Inductor Values

Table 22.16 — Powdered-Iron Toroidal Cores:

Magnetic Properties

Table 22.17 — Powdered-Iron Toroidal Cores:

Dimensions

Table 22.18 — Ferrite Toroids: A L Chart (mH

per 1000 turns) Enameled Wire

Transformers

Table 22.19 — Power-Transformer Wiring Color

Codes

Table 22.20 — IF Transformer Wiring Color

Codes

Table 22.21 — IF Transformer Slug Color Codes

Table 22.22 — Audio Transformer Wiring Color

Codes

Semiconductors

Table 22.23 — Semiconductor Diode

Specifications

Table 22.24 — Package dimensions for small

signal, rectifier and Zener diodes

Table 22.25 — Common Zener Diodes

Table 22.26 — Voltage-variable Capacitance

Diodes

Table 22.27 — Three-terminal Voltage

Regulators

Table 22.28 — Monolithic 50-Ω Amplifiers

(MMIC gain blocks)

Table 22.29 — Small-Signal FETs

Table 22.30 — Low-Noise Bipolar Transistors

Table 22.31 — General-Purpose Bipolar

Transistors

Table 22.32 — General-Purpose Silicon Power

Bipolar Transistors

Table 22.33 — Power FETs or MOSFETs

Table 22.34 — RF Power Transistors

Table 22.35 — RF Power Transistors

Recommended for New Designs

Table 22.36 — RF Power Amplifier Modules

Table 22.37 — Digital Logic Families

Table 22.38 — Operational Amplifiers

(Op Amps)

List of Tables

Resistors

Table 22.1 — Resistor Wattages and Sizes

Table 22.2 — SMT Resistor Wattages and Sizes

Table 22.3 — Power Resistors

Table 22.4 — Resistor Color Codes

Table 22.5 — EIA Standard Resistor Values

Table 22.6 — Mil–Spec Resistors

Computer Connectors

Table 22.59 — Computer Connector Pin Outs

RF Connectors and Transmission Lines

Table 22.60 — Nominal Characteristics of

Commonly Used Transmission Lines

Table 22.61 — Coaxial Cable Connectors

Reference Tables

Table 22.62 — US Customary Units and

Conversion Factors

Table 22.63 — Metric System — International

System of Units (SI)

Table 22.64 — Voltage-Power Conversion Table

Table 22.65 — Reflection Coefficient,

Attenuation, SWR, and Return Loss

Table 22.66 — Abbreviations List

Capacitors

Table 22.7 — EIA Standard Capacitor Values

Table 22.8 — Ceramic Temperature

Characteristics

Table 22.9 — Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors

Standard Sizes (Radial Leads)

Table 22.10 — Aluminum Electrolytic

Capacitors EIA ±20%Standard Values

Table 22.11 — SMT Capacitor Two-Character

Labeling

Chapter 22

Component Data and

References

22.1 Component Data

This section provides reference information on the old and new components most often

used by the Amateur Radio experimenter and homebrewer, and information for those wish-

ing to learn more about component performance and selection.

Radio amateurs are known for elec-

tronic experimentation and homebrew

building. Using the wide variety of

components available, they design and

build impressive radio equipment. With

the industry growth of components for

wireless communications and surface

mount technology (SMT), the choices

available seem endless and selecting

the proper component can seem a

daunting task.

Fortunately, most amateurs tend to

use a limited number of component

types that have “passed the test of

time,” making component selection in

many cases easy and safe. Others are

learning to design and build using the

vast array of SMT parts.

Paul Harden, NA5N, updated this

chapter for the 2010 edition and

Dick Frey, K4XU, updated the power

MOSFET tables for this edition.

22.1.1 EIA and Industry Standards

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI), the Electronic Industries Alliance

(EIA), and the Electronic Components Association (ECA) establish the US standards for

most electronic components, connectors, wire and cables. These standards establish com-

ponent sizes, wattages, “standard values,” tolerances and other performance characteristics.

A branch of the EIA sets the standards for Mil-spec (standard military specification) and

special electronic components used by defense and government agencies. The Joint Electron

Devices Engineering Council (JEDEC), another branch of the EIA, develops the standards

for the semiconductor industry. The EIA cooperates with other standards agencies such

as the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), a worldwide standards agency.

You can often find published EIA standards in the engineering library of a college or

university.

And finally, the International Organization of Standardization (ISO), headquartered in

Geneva, Switzerland, sets the global standards for nearly everything from paper sizes to

photographic film speeds. ANSI is the US representative to the ISO.

These organizations, or their acronyms, are familiar to most of us. They are much more

than a label on a component. EIA and other industry standards are what mark components

for identification, establishes the “preferred standard values” and ensures their reliable per-

formance from one unit to the next, regardless of their source. Standards require that a

1.2 kΩ 5% resistor from Ohmite Corp. has the same performance as a 1.2 kΩ 5% resistor

from Vishay-Dale, or a 2N3904 to have the same performance characteristics and physical

packaging whether from ON Semi or Gold Star.

Much of the component data in this chapter is devoted to presenting these component

standards, physical dimensions and the various methods of component identification and

marking. By selecting components manufactured under these industry standards, building a

project from the Handbook or other source will ensure nearly identical performance to the

original design.

Chapter 22 —

CD-ROM Content

Supplemental Files

• BNC Crimp Installation Instructions

• N Crimp Installation Instructions

• Miniature Lamp Guide

• Thermoplastics Properties

• TV Delection Tube Guide

• Obsolete RF Power Semiconductor

Tables

22.1.2 Other Sources of Component Data

There are many sources you can consult for detailed component data but the best source

of component information and data sheets is the Internet. Most manufacturers maintain

extensive Web sites with information and data on their products. Often, the quickest route

to detailed product information is to enter “data sheet” and the part number into an Internet

search engine. Distributors such as Digi-Key and Mouser include links to useful information

Component Data and References

22.1

in their online catalogs as well. Some manu-

facturers still publish data books for the com-

ponents they make, and parts catalogs them-

selves are often good sources of component

data and application notes and bulletins.

Some of the tables printed in previous edi-

tions of this book have been moved to the

accompanying CD-ROM to make room for

new material. If a table or figure you need is

missing, check the CD-ROM!

nent value. For example, a 4700-Ω resistor

rated for ±20% tolerance can have an actual

value anywhere between 3760 Ω and 5640 Ω.

You may always substitute a closer-tolerance

device for one with a wider tolerance. For most

Amateur Radio projects, assume a 10% toler-

ance if none is specified.

The temperature coefficient or tempco of

a component describes its change in value

with temperature. Tempco may be expressed

as a change in unit value per degree (ohms

per degree Celsius) or as a relative change

per degree (parts per million per degree).

Except for temperature sensing components

that may use Fahrenheit or Kelvin, Celsius

is almost always used for the temperature

scale. Temperature coefficients may not be

linear, such as those for capacitors, thermis-

tors, or quartz crystals. In such cases, temp-

co is specified by an identifier such as Z5U

or C0G and an equation or graph of the

change with temperature provided by the

manufacturer.

Many different types of electronic compo-

nents, both active and passive, are now avail-

able in surface-mount packages. Each package

is identified by a code, such as 1802 or SOT.

Resistors in SMT packages are referred to by

package code and not by power dissipation, as

through-hole resistors are. The very small size

of these components leaves little space for

marking with conventional codes, so brief al-

phanumeric codes are used to convey the most

information in the smallest possible space. You

will need a magnifying glass to read the mark-

ings on the bodies of SMT components.

In many cases, vendors will deliver SMT

components packaged in tape from master

reels and the components will not be marked.

This is often the case with SMT resistors and

small capacitors. However, the tape will be

marked or the components are delivered in a

plastic bag with a label. Take care to keep the

components separated and labeled or you’ll

have to measure their values one by one!

22.1.3 The ARRL Technical

Information Service (TIS)

The ARRL Technical Information Service

on the ARRL Web site ( www.arrl.org/

technical-information-service ) provides

technical assistance to members and non-

members, including information about com-

ponents and useful references. The TIS in-

cludes links to detailed, commonly needed

information in many technical areas. Ques-

tions may also be submitted via email ( tis@

arrl.org ); fax (860-594-0259); or mail (TIS,

ARRL, 225 Main St, Newington, CT 06111).

22.1.5 Surface-Mount

Technology (SMT)

“SMT” is used throughout this book to

refer to components, printed-circuit boards

or assembly techniques that involve surface-

mount technology. SMT components are

often referred to by the abbreviations “SMD”

and “SMC,” but all three abbreviations are

considered to be effectively equivalent.

Through-hole or leaded components are

those with wire leads intended to be inserted

into holes in printed-circuit boards or used

in point-to-point wiring.

HAMCALC Calculators

The HAMCALC package of soft-

ware calculators by George Murphy,

VE3ERP, is very handy. Covering

dozens of topics from antenna lengths

to impedance matching, the package

can be downloaded free of charge

from www.cq-amateur-radio.com .

HAMCALC utilities were written in

GWBASIC. Windows 7 and later us-

ers may not be able to run HAMCALC

software depending on the version and

coniguration of their operating system.

22.1.4 Deinitions

Electronic components such as resistors,

capacitors, and inductors are manufactured

with a nominal value — the value with which

they are labeled. The component’s actual

value is what is measured with a suitable

measuring instrument. If the nominal value

is given as text characters, an “R” in the

value (for example “4R7”) stands for radix

and is read as a decimal point, thus “4.7”.

Tolerance refers to a range of acceptable

values above and below the nominal compo-

22.2 Resistors

Most resistors are manufactured using

EIA standards to establish common ratings

for wattage, resistor values and tolerance re-

gardless of the manufacturer. EIA marking

methods for resistors utilize either an alpha-

numeric scheme or a color code to denote the

value and tolerance.

In the earlier days of electronics, 10% and

20% tolerance resistors were the common

and inexpensive varieties used by most ama-

teurs. 1% tolerance resistors were considered

the “precision resistors” and seldom used by

the amateur due to their significantly higher

cost.

Today, with improved manufacturing tech-

niques, both 5% and 1% tolerance resistors

are commonly available and inexpensive,

with precision resistors to 0.1% not uncom-

mon.

resistors have a tendency to absorb moisture

over time and to change value, but can with-

stand temporary “pulse” overloads that would

damage or destroy a film-type resistor.

Carbon film resistors are made from a

layer of carbon deposited on a dielectric film

or substrate. The thickness of the carbon film

is controlled to form the desired resistance

with greater accuracy than for carbon com-

position. They are low cost alternatives to

carbon composition resistors and are avail-

able with 1% to 5% tolerances.

Metalized film resistors replace carbon

films with metal films deposited onto the

dielectric using sputtering techniques to

achieve very accurate resistances to 0.1%

tolerances. Metal film resistors also generate

22.2.1 Resistor Types

The major resistor types are carbon com-

position, carbon film, metalized film and

wire-wound, as described below. (For addi-

tional discussion of the characteristics of the

different types of resistors, see the Electrical

Fundamentals chapter.)

Carbon composition resistors are made

from a slurry of carbon and binder material

formulated to achieve the desired resistance

when compressed into a cylinder and encap-

sulated. This yields a resistor with tolerances

in the 5% to 20% range. “Carbon comp”

22.2

Chapter 22

less thermal noise than carbon resistors.

All three of these resistor types are nor-

mally available with power ratings from

1 ⁄ 10 W to 2 W. Fig 22.1 and Tables 22.1 and

22.2 provide the body sizes and lead or pad

spacing for through-hole and SMT resistors.

For new designs, carbon film and metal-

ized film resistors should be used for their

improved characteristics and lower cost com-

pared to the older carbon composition resis-

tors. Metalized films have lower residual

inductance and often preferred at VHF. Most

surface mount resistors (shown in Fig 22.2 )

are metalized films.

Wire-wound resistors, as the name implies,

are made from lengths of wire wound around

an insulating form to achieve the desired

resistance for power ratings above 2 W. Wire-

wound resistors have high parasitic induc-

tance, caused by the wire wrapped around a

form similar to a coil, and thus should not be

used at RF frequencies. Fig 22.3 (A, B and

D) show three types of wire-wound resistors

with wattage ranges in Table 22.3 .

An alternative to wire-wound resistors is

the new generation of resistors known as

thick-film power resistors . They are rated up

to 100 W and packaged in a TO-220 or sim-

ilar case which makes it easy to mount them

on heat sinks and printed-circuit boards. Most

varieties are non-inductive and suitable for

RF use. Metal-oxide (“cement”) resistors are

also available in packages similar to that of

Fig 22.3B. Similar to carbon composition

resistors, metal-oxide resistors are non-in-

ductive and useful at RF.

HBK0461

Pad Drill Wattage

$FWXDO 6L]HV

Ød

SIZE L DØd LS†

† Suggested PCB lead bend

Fig 22.1 — Resistor wattages and sizes.

Table 22.1

Resistor Wattages and Sizes

Size

LS*

Ød

PCB Pad Size and Drill

1 ⁄ 8 W

0.165

0.079

0.25

0.020

0.056 round, 0.029 hole

1 ⁄ 4 W

0.268

0.098

0.35

0.024

0.056 round, 0.029 hole

1 ⁄ 2 W

0.394

0.138

0.60

0.029

0.065 round, 0.035 hole

1 W

0.472

0.197

0.70

0.032

0.100 round, 0.046 hole

2 W

0.687

0.300

0.90

0.032

0.100 round, 0.046 hole

Dimensions in inches.

*LS = Recommended PCB lead bend

22.2.2 Resistor Identiication

Resistors are identified by the EIA nu-

merical or color code standard as shown in

Fig 22.4 . The EIA numerical code for resis-

tor identification is widely used in industry.

The nominal resistance, expressed in ohms,

is identified by three digits for 2% (and great-

er) tolerance devices. The first two digits

represent the significant figures; the last

digit specifies the multiplier as the exponent

of 10. (The multiplier is simply the number

of zeros following the significant numerals.)

For values less than 100 Ω, the letter R is

substituted for one of the significant digits

and represents a decimal point. An alpha-

betic character indicates the tolerance as

shown in Table 22.2

For example, a resistor marked with

“122J” would be a 1200 Ω, or a 1.2 kΩ 5%

resistor. A resistor containing four digits,

such as “1211,” would be a 1210 Ω, or a

1.21 kΩ 1% precision resistor.

If the tolerance of the unit is narrower

than ±2%, the code used is a four-digit code

where the first three digits are the signifi-

cant figures and the last is the multiplier. The

letter R is used in the same way to represent

SMT

HBK0462

ActualSizes

0402 0603 0805 1206 1210

C-C

SMT

PAD

Fig 22.2 — Surface mount resistors.

Table 22.2

SMT Resistor Wattages and Sizes

Body

SMT Pad

C-C*

SMT Resistor

Tolerance Codes

Letter

Size

0402

0.039

0.020

0.014

0.025 × 0.035

0.050

Tolerance

0603

0.063

0.031

0.018

0.030 × 0.030

0.055

±0.5%

0805

0.079

0.049

0.020

0.040 × 0.050

0.075

±1.0%

1206

0.126

0.063

0.024

0.064 × 0.064

0.125

±2.0%

1210

0.126

0.102

0.024

0.070 × 0.100

0.150

±5.0%

Dimensions in inches.

*C-C is SMT pad center-to-center spacing

Component Data and References

22.3

a decimal point. For example, 1001 indicates

a 1000-Ω unit, and 22R0 indicates a 22-Ω

unit.

Fig 22.3 — Power resistors.

+%.

Here are some additional examples of

resistor value markings:

Code

Value

101

10 and 1 zero = 100 Ω

224

22 and 4 zeros = 220,000 Ω

1R0

1.0 and no zeros = 1 Ω

(

22R

22.0 and no zeros = 22 Ω

R10

0.1 and no zeros = 0.1 Ω

Table 22.3

Power Resistors

Fig 22.3 Power Resistor Type Wattage Range

A Wire-wound, ceramic core 10-300 W

B Wire-wound, axial 3-10 W

C Metal-oxide 5-25 W

D Wire-wound, aluminum housing 3-50 W

E Thick-ilm resistors* 15-100 W

*Wire-wound resistors are inductive, though seldom noted as such on the data sheets,

The resistor color code, used only with

through-hole components, assigns colors to

the numerals one through nine and zero, as

shown in Table 22.4 , to represent the sig-

nificant numerals, the multiplier and the tol-

erance. The color code is often memorized

with a mnemonic such as “Big boys race our

young girls, but Violet generally wins” to

represent the colors black (0), brown (1), red

(2), orange (3), yellow (4), green (5), blue

(6), violet (7), gray (8) and white (9). You

will no doubt discover other versions of this

memory aid made popular over the years.

For example, a resistor with color bands

black (1), red (2), red (2) and gold would be

a 1200 Ω, or 1.2 kΩ 5% resistor, with the

gold band signifying 5% tolerance.

The resistor color code should be memo-

rized as it is also used for identifying ca-

pacitors, and inductors. It is also handy to use

when connecting multi-conductor or ribbon

cables.

Resistors are also identified by an “E” se-

ries classification, such as E12 or E48. The

number following the letter E signifies the

number of logarithmic steps per decade. The

more steps per decade, the more choices of

resistor values and tighter the tolerances can

be. For example, in the E12 series, there are

twelve resistor values between 1 kΩ and

10 kΩ with 10% tolerance; E48 provides

48 values between 1 kΩ and 10 kΩ at 1%

tolerance. This system is often used with

online circuit calculators to indicate the resis-

tor accuracy and tolerance desired. The stan-

dard resistor values of the E12 (±10%), E24

(±5%), E48 (±2%) and E96 (±1%) series are

listed in Table 22.5 .

Resistors used in military electronics

(Mil-spec) use the type identifiers listed in

Table 22.6 . In addition, Mil-spec resistors

with paint-stripe value bands have an extra

band indicating the reliability level to which

they are certified.

and are not recommended for RF. Thick-ilm and metal-oxide power resistors are

low inductance or noninductive.

6WDQGDUG(,$,GHQWLILFDWLRQDQG0DUNLQJ

±5HVLVWRUV

³3UHFLVLRQ´5HVLVWRUV

VW GLJLW

QG GLJLW

PXOWLSOLHU

VW GLJLW

QG GLJLW

UG GLJLW

PXOWLSOLHU

WROHUDQFH

)

WROHUDQFH

([DPSOHV

³-´ .

³%´ .

³.´

³'´

³5*´

³5)´

(,$5HVLVWRU&RORU&RGHV

±5HVLVWRUV

EDQG FRORU FRGH

&RORU&RGHV

Digit

VW GLJLW

QG GLJLW

PXOWLSOLHU

Color

WROHUDQFH

JROG

EODFN EON

EURZQ EUQ

VLOYHU

UHG

QRQH

RUDQJH RUJ

³3UHFLVLRQ´5HVLVWRUV

EDQG FRORU FRGH

\HOORZ \OZ

JUHHQ JUQ

EOXH

EOX

YLROHW YLR

JUD\

JU\

VW GLJLW

QG GLJLW

UG GLJLW

PXOWLSOLHU

WROHUDQFH

ZKLWH ZKW

YLR

JUQ

EUQ

([DPSOHV

EUQRUJRUJJROG .

JUQEUQEONVLOYHU

EUQRUJRUJEUQEUQ .

+%.

Fig 22.4 — Resistor value identiication.

22.4

Chapter 22

Plik z chomika:

Inne pliki z tego folderu:

Inne foldery tego chomika: