introduction-to-astronomy -Dr.Karina Kjaer.pdf

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DR. KARINA KJÆR
INTRODUCTION TO
ASTRONOMY
2
Introduction to Astronomy
1
st
edition
© 2016 Dr. Karina Kjær &
bookboon.com
ISBN 978-87-403-1537-0
Peer review by Dr. Helen Roberts co-founder and COO of Redfern Electronics
(redfernelectronics.co.uk).
Cover photo by Yuri Beletsky: A pre-dawn view from Carnegie Las Campanas observatory
located in the South of the Atacama desert in Chile.
3
INTRODUCTION TO ASTRONOMY
Contents
CONTENTS
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
The Earth-Moon System
The Night Sky
The Earth’s Seasons
Phases of the Moon
Solar and Lunar Eclipses
Basic Celestial Mechanics
The Solar System
Formation of the Solar System
Composition of the Solar System
Definition of a Planet
Dwarf Planets
Small Solar System Bodies
7
7
8
10
13
15
23
23
27
31
31
35
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4
INTRODUCTION TO ASTRONOMY
Contents
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
6
6.1
6.2
6.3
7
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
The Terrestrial Planets
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Summary of the Terrestrial Planets
The Jovian Planets
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Summary of the Jovian Planets
The Physics of Light
Thermal Radiation
Quantum definition of light
Spectral Lines
Other Causes for Emission
Analysing the Light
The Sun
Energy Production in the Sun
The Structure of the Sun
The Active Sun
Observational Astronomy
Stellar Positions on the Sky
The Magnitude System
Flux and Luminosity
Distance Measurement
Practical Astronomy
40
41
45
48
52
57
59
59
66
72
75
77
78
79
82
85
90
91
95
96
98
102
106
106
107
108
110
113
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